The Number 7, Ink-Vue and DeLuxe Ink-Vue

This is part of an ongoing project to crowdsource additional information, corrections, comments, and/or criticism as I work towards publishing a standalone book on the subject of Waterman's pencils. If you have anything to add, please email me at jveley@jonathanveley.com

Waterman's "Number 7" series and the "Ink-Vue" have little in common; the former looked backwards as a conventional lever-filler with the same color-coded points that had been available on the brand in its earlier, hard rubber form. The Ink-Vue, on the other hand, was an awkward but novel answer to Parker's Vacumatic.

Nevertheless, the two are linked together, particularly in the eyes of pencil collectors, due to the overlapping use of "Emerald Ray," Waterman's name for a distinctive, zigzag patterned celluloid produced by Celluloid Corporation. Celluloid Corporation granted Waterman the exclusive rights to the material, which Waterman used both to jazz up the stodgy Number 7 line as well as to become the signature look of the new Ink-Vue line.

7-1 Through the end of 1932, Waterman’s “Number 7" had been the same as when it was introduced in 1927: a hard rubber pen, priced at $7, that was offered in a variety of styles of nibs, identified by color to denote the style – it would be nice and neat to say there were seven colors of nibs, but there were at one point six, then later ten. Waterman’s 1933 catalog, however, introduced a reenvisioned version of the Number 7, in celluloid. The colored cap bands that had distinguished the Number 7 in prior years was replaced with a colored dot on the bottom of the barrel. As for the color option of the pen itself, there was but one option: Jet. Accompanying the Model 7 pen was the Model 97 pencil.

7-2 This excerpt from an advertisement published in the Saturday Evening Post on December 16, 1933, includes the “Number 7" and “pencil to match.” What distinguished the Number 7 from other Waterman models in the lineup, according to this advertisement, was “the most important improvement in fountain pens – the “Tip-Fill” feed.

7-3 Waterman’s “Tip-Fill” feature was patented by Louis H. Juster of St. Lambert, Quebec, Canada, who applied for patent number 1,882,644 on August 16, 1930. Juster’s patent was issued on October 11, 1932 and was assigned to the L.E. Waterman Company.

7-4 This 1932 instruction sheet, courtesy of David Nishimura, illustrates the “Tip-Fill” feed’s unique notched feed, at left. Number 7 pens equipped with this feature only needed to be dipped in ink to the depth of the breather hole for filling, eliminating the need to submerge (and then wipe off) the section.

7-5 At first, the Number 7 pens and Number 97 pencils were offered only in Jet or black; however, in the Christmas 1935 edition of the Pen Prophet, Waterman’s in-house publication, the Number 7 pen is also illustrated in a distinctive new green and black zigzag material dubbed “Emerald Ray.” The new material was advertised in newspapers across the country for the 1935 Christmas season.

7-6 Waterman Model 97 pencils. In Jet, these were in production from 1933 through at least 1936; in Emerald Ray, they entered production in late 1935.

7-7 The Pen Prophet promised that customers “will be enthusiastic about Waterman’s exclusive Emerald Ray design.” Waterman did have the exclusive rights to the patent, but the patent did not belong to Waterman; John Hill, an Englishman living in Hillsdale, New Jersey, applied for this design patent on June 7, 1935, and it was issued as Design Patent 96,914 on September 17, 1935. Hill’s patent was assigned to Celluloid Corporation.

7-8 Waterman was never particular about what was inside its pencils, so long as on the outside they were wrapped up in something that matched the company’s pens. In 2012, the author was asked to use parts from a black Model 97 to repair an Emerald Ray example. After the donor and its intended recipient were disassembled, it was clear that none of the parts inside were interchangeable. Waterman may have licensed or acquired parts from other vendors, but the only pencil mechanism patent Waterman held in its own name – at least in the United States – was Gabriel Larsen’s original 1924 patent.

7-9 Model 97 pencils were only cataloged in Jet and Emerald Ray; this example, from Gabriel Goldsmith, is an extremely rare example in a smokey grey celluloid.

7-10 Waterman supply pens and pencils marked with Montgomery Ward’s in-house brand name, Gold Bond, in colors like these and often with slight variations in the trim (see Images 92-48 to 51 and the Lady Patricia one) . . . this one, however, is fully marked as a Waterman.

IV-1 At the same time as Waterman was rolling out the new Emerald Ray on the Number 7 (97 pencil) line, the company unveiled a new model called the “Ink-Vue,” designated Model 84 pens with matching Model 85 pencils. Two colors were offered: Emerald Ray, the same as the Model 97, and “Silver Ray.”

IV-2 While Waterman’s Number 7 pens were nothing new, the Ink-Vue was – for better or worse – loaded with technical innovation. Waterman felt competitive pressure from the Parker Pen Company’s introduction of the Vacumatic in 1932-1933, and the Ink-Vue was Waterman’s answer. The design was an overly complex, lever-actuated bulb filler that mimicked the Vacumatic’s use of a bladder primarily to draw ink into an open barrel, rather than to contain the ink itself. Gabriel Larsen applied to patent the design on July 26, 1930, and he was awarded patent 2,068,419 on January 19, 1937.

IV-3 By the time Waterman’s 1936 catalog was printed, the “Standard Ink-Vue” was available in four colors: Emerald Ray was offered either with gold-filled trim (pen Model 84-E, pencil Model 85-E) or with “chrome mountings” (Models 84-R and 85-R). The other three available colors were Silver Ray (pencil Model 85-S), Copper Ray (pencil Model 85-C), and Jet (pencil Model 85-J).

IV-4 Model 85 Standard Ink-Vue pencils. Emerald Ray and Silver Ray were introduced in late 1935; Copper Ray is not mentioned in the 1935 Christmas issue of The Pen Prophet, but appears in Waterman’s official catalog for 1936.

IV-5 Companies often offered “demonstrators” with either transparent parts or machined cutouts to show off the inner workings of their products. The Copper Ray Standard Ink-Vue from the preceding image has what looks like a cutaway hole in the cap, but all that it demonstrates is that there are spare leads inside.

IV-6 Of the two Silver Ray examples shown here, the upper one has a Standard Ink-Vue clip. The other, at bottom, has the same shape clip imprinted “Waterman’s” and with a tiny globe at the top. These were also found on late-model Thorobred pencils (see Image 92-54 in the Model 92 series article).

IV-8 Waterman’s 1936 catalog also introduced a larger version of the Ink-Vue, with all the same technical features and more upscale trim. These were called the “DeLuxe Ink-Vue,” and it was only cataloged in Emerald Ray, Copper Ray, and Jet. No model numbers are provided for the pens or the pencils.

IV-8a An undated dealers’ sheet in the Pen Collectors of America’s library shows solid gold and gold-trimmed pens, including a DeLuxe Ink-Vue with a wide solid gold band, identified as Model 87-J. The caption further indicates that matching DeLuxe Ink-Vue pencils were the Model 88-J.

IV-9 Waterman DeLuxe Ink-Vue pencils, introduced in 1936; note the color-matched nose sections and the three-piece center bands. It is reasonable to infer from the preceding images that the Copper Ray example at top is Model 88-C, while the Emerald Ray examples at center was Model 88-E. The example at bottom is in an uncataloged brown color.

IV-10 The clips on DeLuxe Ink-Vue pens and pencils are very similar to those on the Model 7 pens and 97 pencils, at top.

IV-11 Of the two Emerald Ray examples shown in Figure IV-9, Ben Tomblinson’s example at top has a typical DeLuxe Ink-Vue clip; the other, at bottom has a Model 97 clip instead. Was this intentional, accidental, or a later repair?

IV-12 Catalog and advertising artwork is often inaccurate. While surviving examples of the DeLuxe Ink-Vue overwhelmingly have the more rounded tops of the clips and slightly different terminus, Waterman’s 1936 catalog appears to show the Model 97 clip on the DeLuxe Ink-Vue (at left); the illustration in the same catalog of the Model 97 (at right) looks like it sports a DeLuxe Ink-Vue clip.

IV-12a The Ink-Vue line was heavily advertised in 1936, but as the Depression dragged on there was a relative dearth of marketing for any Waterman models in 1937. In this portion of an advertisement published in the Saturday Evening Post on May 8, 1937, a Standard Ink-Vue set is marketed as the “Stadium,” with “an” Ink-Vue pen.

IV-12b The Ink-Vue as a model was apparently replaced by the “Blue Streak” series beginning in 1938. Waterman was still procuring its parts from H.P. & E. Day, Inc., and on January 17, 1940 Waterman and Day entered into an agreement regarding Day’s large stock of Waterman parts that had been ordered but not delivered or paid for. Attached to the agreement is an inventory of Day’s stock on hand, including this itemization of a significant number of unsold Ink-Vue and DeLuxe Ink-Vue pencils; note that the DeLuxe Ink-Vue pencil is identified here as Model 88. Image courtesy David Nishimura.

IV-13 Harry Sachnoff of Brooklyn likely saw an opportunity as Waterman abruptly abandoned marketing the “Ink-Vue” without bothering to trademark the name. In this trademark application filed December 29, 1938, Sachnoff claimed that he began using the Ink-Vue name on fountain pens on March 25, 1938, and Registration was granted on June 27, 1939 as Trademark 368,812. Note that the mark was cancelled on June 12, 1940: whether this was due to legal threats from Waterman is unknown, but Sachnoff was no stranger to legal proceedings.

IV-14 Harry Sachnoff was one of the pen industry’s more colorful characters, who wound up answering to the Federal Trademark Commission several times. The FTC first enjoined Sachnoff from making false statements on December 11, 1935, when he ordered to refrain from saying (among other things) that he was a “manufacturer” with a factory in Passaic, New Jersey – Sachnoff only purchased jobbed parts for resale and had no manufacturing facilities. Sachnoff was identified as the sole owner of the Park Row Pen Company, which he claimed to the FTC – falsely – that he had shut down in 1931, and he also operated the Argo Pen-Pencil Company, Inc.

This would be the first of several run-ins Sachnoff would have with the FTC, but he did win his last one, which was filed on June 14, 1945: after years of delays, the Commission published a decision on October 6, 1952 dismissing his case because – in quotations in its published decision – Sachnoff “departed this life on December 10, 1950.” Perhaps the FTC was suspicious that he had really “departed this life” – or perhaps they were not convinced that Sachnoff’s lawyers intended “departed this life” to mean that he had died.

IV-15 As mentioned earlier, the Ink-Vue was replaced by Waterman’s new “Blue Streak” line in 1938, although leftover models were liquidated in wholesale catalogs much later. This page from L & C Mayers Company’s 1941 catalog advertised Jet and Emerald Ray DeLuxe Ink-Vue pens and pencils.

The "Waterman 92 Pencil" Family - Models 91, 93, 31, Thorobred

This is a rough draft of a portion of an ongoing project to write a comprehensive book concerning Waterman's pencils. Please forward additions, corrections, comments, and criticism to jveley@jonathanveley.com.

Waterman in the 1930s was . . . in a word . . . chaotic. More than any other company, Waterman did some really strange things: the company's model designation conventions, once a masterpiece of simplicity, became arbitrary and confusing, and the company would not call the same products by the same names from year to year. Like other companies, Waterman used up obsolete, leftover parts to cobble together complete pens and pencils for sale - but the company also appeared to mix and match parts while product lines were in active production.

This article explores the "Waterman 92 pencil" family. The Waterman 92 fountain pen was introduced as the lowest tier of products to bear the company's name in 1931, with a price of $3.50, but it later proliferated into several other lines distinguished only by their trim. Rather than devote separate chapters to each, it makes more sense to consider them together.

92-1 With the flagship Patrician pens selling at $10 and Waterman’s new 94/95 line listing at $5, Waterman saw a demand for an even lower priced pen. In 1931, the company introduced the Model 92 with pens priced at $3.50. One would think – if Waterman was consistent in its numbering – that the matching pencils would be designated Model 93, but no . . . it was the Model 91, priced at $1.50. This page from Waterman’s 1933 catalog illustrates “The Ninety-Two.” Model 91 pencils have a simple nose drive, lacking the Patrician-style nose mechanism with a hard rubber nose; colors were Jet (black), Red and Gold, and Green and Gold.

 

92-2 Model 92 pens were first advertised for the Christmas 1931 shopping season. This advertisement appeared in the Washington D.C. Evening Star on November 29, 1931.  This appears to be official Waterman advertising; note that the available colors were named “Gold-flecked crimson and gold-flecked green.”

92-3 Official catalogs from any pen manufacturer during the Depression are hard to find, and Waterman is no exception. While no American catalog from 1931 were available as of this writing, the Pen Collectors of America has in its library a French catalog from that year. Model designations were 0292 for the pens and 0291 for the pencils, adding the “02" prefix for the French market. 

92-4 Waterman Model 91 pencils in the cataloged colors of Jet, Red and Gold, and Green and Gold, as marketed from 1931 through 1933.

92-5 Detail of the clips on Model 91 pencils. The broken clip on the black example is a shame, but it provides some insights: 

92-6 Under magnification, the broken clip reveals that the clips were attached to a plate which was in turn attached to the barrel; the rivet heads were functional rather than purely decorative.

92-7 Although turquoise was not a cataloged color in the Model 92/91series, it is perhaps unsurprising that one might turn up, since Waterman was using this material on the Patrician line at the same time.

92-8 One of the more notable variants built on the 1931-1933 Model 91 platform is this, painted with the inscription “Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Waterman.” These pencils are extremely difficult to find in good condition, since the paint is usually badly worn. Although this pencil sports a 1931-1933 clip, there are signs that these were made much later, using obsolete parts: note that the top end has a joint that is much higher, a characteristic of later Waterman pencils, and that bright green color is very similar to the celluloid used on the “Blue Streak” line introduced in 1938.

92-9 The Waterman Christmas pencils are painted “Season’s Greetings / Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Waterman.”

92-10 and 11 Details of paint work on the Waterman Christmas Pencils

92-12 The lower example in this image is clearly a Model 91, but the clip at first blush appears to be a crude replacement. Similar clips were also found on the cheaper “Skywriter” pens and pencils from the late 1930s, so this is likely a factory cobbling-together of leftover parts.

92-13 As of this writing, advertisements and catalog references to a shorter length version of the Model 92/91 are unknown prior to the publication of Waterman’s 1933 catalog, in which this page was dedicated to “The Short Ninety-Two,” Models 92V pens and 91V pencils, offered in the same colors as their full-sized counterparts.

92-14 Gabriel Larsen was awarded Design Patent 90,117 for the appearance of the military-style clip of the Model 92V/91V series. He applied for his patent on March 21, 1932 and the patent was issued on June 13, 1933. These clips were stapled into the top of the barrel.

92-15 Model 91V pencils as illustrated in Waterman’s 1933 catalog. Not shown is the Model 91V in black.

92-16 This advertisement, published in the Roseville, California Press-Tribune on September 14, 1932, is revealing: the Model 92 had been introduced to court the lower-priced market in 1931, but as the Depression further deepened Waterman introduced the Model 32 at $2.75, “which formerly sold for $3.50.” 

92-17 Waterman’s 1933 catalog dedicates a full page to “The Popular Price Line,” featuring the Model 32 and 32V pens offered only in black. Pencils were the Model 31 and the short Model 31V.

92-18 The Model 31 and 31V pencils, as cataloged in 1933.

92-19 Clips on the Model 31 paid homage to the venerable Ferris patent, with rivets above the word “Waterman’s” in capital and lower case letters.

92-20 Waterman also offered the Model 32/31 as a combination pen and pencil, although no known catalog reference indicate what the model was called. This example is owned by David Nishimura; image courtesy David Nishimura.

92-21 The black and pearl combination pen and pencil at top, with its riveted clip, is likely from the same period as the introduction of the Model 32/31 in 1932-1933. At bottom is an odd pencil which shares the proportions, chromium trim, and nose configuration of the Model 31V, but in an uncateloged black and pearl. Waterman used the same material on the flagship Patrician line, calling it “Nacre.” Is this a Model 31V pencil in an uncataloged color? Maybe. Is it a Model 93V as discussed below, also in an uncataloged color? Maybe . . . but the nose is wrong.

92-22 A hastily added (inserted) page at the end of Waterman’s 1933 catalog, numbered page “I-5,” shows the Model 32 pen as part of the new “Number Three” line. “Number Three” makes more sense than the enigmatic designation “32," since the other pens in the series – the Model 3 – retailed for $3.00 (the Model 32 still retailed at $2.75). The pencils matching Waterman’s new Model 3 pens, Model 93, retailed for $1.25. Note that both full-length 93 and the short length Model 93v pencils now have hard rubber nose cones like Waterman’s more expensive lines.

92-23 In this detail from the preceding figure, the names for Waterman’s flashy new colors are introduced: “Steel Quartz,” “Black Pearl,” and “Green Pearl.” “Claret,” a red marbled celluloid, was also available on the short models 93v only. Note that the Model 32 designation was retained for black pens in the “Number Three” line. Perhaps this was a vestigial hat tip to the year the pens were introduced in 1932; perhaps it was because unlike the others in this series it was cheaper, retaining its $2.75 price tag.

92-24 The two pencils at bottom in this picture are Model 93 pencils as shown in Waterman’s 1933 catalog, in “Green Pearl” and “Steel Quartz.” At top are two mind-bending blends of different models. At top is something resembling the Model 31, but in Waterman’s “blue” as seen on the Model 95 series . . . and with a wide, plain chromium band. Second from top is a pencil which more closely resembles the Model 95 series, but with the clip from the Model 31 or Model 93 . . . and with that same wide, plain band not found on either.

92-25 At top in this image is a Model 31v, so designated only because it is in black. The others are Model 93v pencils in Steel Quartz, Black Pearl, Green Pearl, and Claret. All were introduced in 1933.

92-26 At some time by the end of 1934, Waterman had changed the clips on the Model 92/91 series in favor of a smooth clip with “Waterman’s” imprinted in vertical letters. This artwork is part of an official Waterman advertisement published in the New York Daily News on December 23, 1934.

92-27 The February 1935 issue of The Pen Prophet clearly illustrates that the Model 92/91 had adopted the same clips and colors as the Model 3/93 series, with the only difference being the trim color and the price: pens with gold filled trim were fifty cents more expensive, while pencils with gold filled trim were an extra quarter.

92-28 Model 93 pencils consistent with the Christmas 1935 edition of The Pen Prophet. Not shown are Model 91 pencils with gold filled trim; the author has never encountered one. Perhaps it has just been bad luck, or perhaps the Model 91 in this configuration wasn’t made in significant numbers. After all, customers budget-conscious enough to seek out the cheapest Watermans the company offered could hardly be expected to shell out a bit more just for different trim.

92-29 Model 91V pencils, as described in the Christmas 1935 issue of The Pen Prophet.

92-30 Noses on pencils in this family come in two distinct varieties, one larger than the other and mated to the end of a barrel that is not tapered. More documentation will be needed to determine with certainty which came first or whether both were offered at the same time. Note that the wider noses match the earlier versions of the 1933 Model 91 pencils in image 92-24. 

92-31 Price stickers add significantly to the collector’s appeal of a pencil; it is a shame that Waterman’s price stickers during the era impart nothing more.

92-31a The 91V’s “military clip” allowed it to fit deeply into a shirt pocket, complying with military dress codes, making it ideal for packaging in leather pouches for the military - during the Second World War, these were packaged in Army and Navy sets.

92-31b The 91V pencil from the set in the preceding image has the Eagle logo on the reverse side.

92-32 Two more desirable Model 91V pencils. The top example in pearl snakeskin celluloid was likely made for the European market; this example was repatriated from England. At bottom is a Model 91V in Waterman’s turquoise, as seen on the Patrician line.

92-33 The twin bands on the upper example match the single bands on other examples in the 91V line. The wider, plain gold filled band on the turquoise example is unusual.

92-34 Even though this pencil was made for the European market, it carries a Made in Canada imprint.

92-35 This Model 91V is in a nonproduction celluloid not seen on any other Waterman . . . or anything else, for that matter. Image courtesy David Nishimura.

92-36 Some Model 93V pencils were clipless. All of the examples I have found have been in Green Pearl.

92-37 Detail of the tops of the normal and clipless versions of the Model 93V.

92-38 Waterman’s 1936 catalog shows the Model 92V and 91V pens and pencils unchanged, but the clips on the Model 92/91 series had been redesigned to replace the word “Waterman’s” with a deco-inspired diamond shape.

92-39 Model 91 pencils for 1936 in Jet, Steel Quartz, and Green Pearl.

92-40 As Waterman also did for the Model 94/95 line, in 1936 the company also offered Model 91 pencils with gold filled and sterling overlays. Shown here are examples in Waterman’s Sheraton and Basket Weave patterns. If the company was consistent in its model numbering, these would be Model 491 pencils with sterling overlays and Model 0791 pencil with gold fill.

92-41 Detail of the lovely clip on a Model 0791 pencil in Sheraton.

92-42 At center in this page from Waterman’s 1936 catalog is the “Junior,” Waterman’s lowest-priced model and successor to the Model 32.

92-43 At top in this image is the Waterman Junior pencil. The other pencils in this image are from Myk Daigle; none of them matches any cataloged configuration for the Junior.

92-44 This advertisement was published in The Saturday Evening Post on June 11, 1938. What had been known as the Model 3 pen is shown in a flashy new celluloid and is described only by its flashy new model name: the “Thorobred.”

92-45 This undated catalog sheet, courtesy of David Isaacson, illustrates the gold-filled “Thorobred DeLuxe” and chromium-trimmed “Thorobred Regular” lines. Colors are Jet (suffix J), Golden (suffix Y), Grey (suffix G), and Blue (suffix B), with Garnet (suffix R) added for the ladies’ lines. Model numbers have been changed: what had been the Model 92 was now the Model 351, and the Model 3 has become the Model 301. Pencil model numbers would henceforth be the same as the model numbers of the pens they accompanied, with the addition of a “P” prefix.

92-46 Many of the new Thorobred pens were stamped on the butt ends of their barrels with the model name, no pencils are known to exist marked with the name. Others were stamped "32-A," perhaps a nod to the entry-level Model 32.

92-47 Thorobred pencils, as introduced in 1938. The two with gold-filled trim are Thorobred DeLuxe models in Gray (Model P351G) and Blue (Model P351B); note the chromium nose on the blue example, which may be a replacement. At bottom are Thorobred Regular pencils in Golden (Model P301Y), Grey (Model P301G) and Blue (Model 301B). At bottom is a Thorobred Regular with a barrel that is noticeably more greenish; if it is a discolored gray, it is very uniformly discolored.

92-48 One variation of the Thorobred to watch for is those with wide trim bands, such as the top example in this image.

92-49 Note the unmarked clip . . .

92-50 This is no Waterman: the barrel is stamped “Gold Bond,” which was a store brand of pens and pencils offered by Montgomery Ward, which procured pens and pencils from several different manufacturers during the 1920s and 1930s. These rebadged Thorobreds were likely offered by Montgomery Ward circa 1938-1940.

92-51 Note that this Gold Bond has that same greenish hue as the bottom pencil in 92-47, suggesting this was a special run of celluloid intended for use on rebadged pens and pencils for Montgomery Ward.

92-52 At top (coming soon, hasn’t arrived yet) is a Ladies’ Thorogbred DeLuxe Model P351VG as described in Isaacson’s advertisement. The next is a Ladies’ Thorobred DeLuxe in Golden, but note that is fitted with twin trim bands; unless the extra band designated a different model, this would be a Model P351VY. Third from top might be a Ladies’ Thorobred DeLuxe in blue (Model P351VB), but note the absence of that black hard rubber nose – this is a rear-drive, propel-repel-expel pencil fitted for .9 millimeter (.036-inch) leads. At bottom is a similarly equipped Ladies’ Thorobred Regular in Golden, which might have been a Model P301VY.

92-53 Full-length Thorobred pencils outfitted with propel-repel-expel, .9 millimeter mechanisms have also been observed; several have been reported in gray, all made in Canada.

92-54 The pencil from the preceding figure has Waterman’s trademark globe added at the top of the clip, and this clip also sometimes also appears on Waterman Ink-Vue pencils (see Figure ___).

92-55 While these two pencils share some features with the Waterman 92 family, they were likely made after World War II using leftover parts. The clips might be from either 1934-1935 Model 91 pencils or 1938-1940 Thorobreds, but the celluloids are clearly post-War (the bottom one, in particular, is made from the same material as the Nurse’s pens of the late 1940s).

92-56 Both of these later incarnations were Made in Canada.

92-57 This detail of the clips on Waterman Model 91 pencils shows how the series evolved through the 1930s From left: (1) the riveted clip used from 1931 through 1933; (2) the riveted clip introduced on the Model 32 in 1932 and the Model 3 Line in 1933; (3) the “Waterman’s” clip used in 1934 and 1935, (4) the deco clip of 1936 on the Model 91 only; and (5) the “Waterman’s clip (slightly more rounded) from the Thorobred line, 1938-1940.